Microplastics Pollution in the Ganga

Why in news?

An analysis of the stretches of the river Ganga by Delhi-based environment NGO Toxics Link has revealed pollution by microplastics.

What are microplastics?

• Microplastics are defined as synthetic solid particles sized ranging 1 micrometre (μm) to 5 millimetre (mm).
• These are insoluble in water.
• Microplastics are recognised as a major source of marine pollution.
• The major sources of microplastics are:
  1. untreated sewage from many cities along the river’s course
  2. industrial waste
  3. religious offerings wrapped in non-degradable plastics
• The plastic products and waste materials released or dumped in the river are eventually broken down into micro particles.
• The river finally transports large quantities downstream into the ocean which gets to be the ultimate sink of all plastics being used by humans.

What does the study reveal?

• The study is titled ‘Quantitative analysis of Microplastics along River Ganga’.
• It was based on an analysis of water samples at Haridwar, Kanpur and Varanasi.
• The highest concentration of microplastics was found at Varanasi.
• It comprised single-use and secondary broken-down plastics from articles of everyday use.
• These include tyres, clothing, food packaging, bags, cosmetics with microbeads, garland covers and other municipal waste.
• The sample test results show the presence of at least 40 different kinds of polymers as microplastics.
• The shapes and nature of the observed resins ranged from fibres to fragments, films and beads.
• Fragments were the predominant shape in all locations, followed by film and fibre.
• Microbeads were observed in Varanasi and Kanpur, while no beads were found in Haridwar.
• The most frequent size range observed in all the samples was <300µm.
• Previous studies say that over 663 marine species are affected adversely due to marine debris.
• 11% of them are said to be affected due to microplastic ingestion alone.

What does this signify?

• The study results seriously question the progress of two high-priority, well-funded government missions:

1. The Swachh Bharat, to deal with solid waste
2. Namami Gange, to rid the Ganga river of its pollution

• Microplastics are flowing all along into the river system.
• This suggests a direct linkage between the poor state of both solid and liquid waste management.
• Official data indicate that 97 Ganga towns may be discharging about 750 million litres of untreated sewage a day into the river.

What is the larger concern?

• Microplastics is recorded in recent times in the remotest of places.
• These include Mount Everest, Arctic snow, Icelandic glaciers, the French Pyrenees, and the depths of the Mariana Trench, among others.
• It poses a serious hazard as plastics waste production outpaces governments’ capacity to collect and manage it,given the limits with recycling.
• The waste management rules issued by successive governments fall short at the implementation level.
• The Centre recently issued a draft to tighten the Plastic Waste Management Rules.
• But cities have failed to implement existing rules as well as the Solid Waste Management rules.

What are the measures needed?

• Swachh Bharat must mean not merely keeping waste out of sight, achieved through costly dumping contracts.
• It instead means sharply reduced waste generation, full segregation and recycling.
• Plastic waste around the world is threatening the food web.
• The crisis thus demands a new global treaty modelled on the Montreal Protocol and the Paris Agreement.

• India needs to demonstrate that it is serious about a clean-up at the domestic level.
• Improving plastic waste management and the subsequent reduction in microplastic pollution should be the priority.
• Various stakeholders, including industry, the government and civil society organisations, need to join hands.

Source: The Hindu