World Bank

• With 189 member countries, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership.
• Five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries.
• The Changing Wealth of Nations 2021 report was published by the World Bank.
• The latest edition of this periodic report has measured wealth creation and distribution in 146 countries covering a 20-year period from 1995-2018.
• The World Bank included gross domestic product, human-produced capital, human capital and natural capital like renewable and non-renewable natural resources in its measurement of wealth.
• The Bank defines human capital as “earnings over a person’s lifetime.”
• The report found that air pollution was seemingly taking a toll on this significant wealth generator.
• South Asia as a region was the most severely affected by the estimated loss of human capital due to air pollution.
• The report did not quantify such a loss in human capital due to air pollution for any other region.

Lepakshi School of painting

• It is part of Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh.
• It belongs to Vijayanagar period.
• It provides glimpses of contemporary dress like tall headwear (Kulavi), coloured and embroidered saree of both men and women in the paintings.
• Earth tones and complete absence of blue colour in Lepakshi painting.
• Costumes are outlined in black.

Deccani School of Miniature painting

• It denotes broadly the miniature painting from the 16th Century to the 19th Century at Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Golkonda and Hyderabad.
• The rich colour scheme, the palm trees, animals and men and women are its characteristic features.
• Early Deccani painting absorbed influences of the northern tradition of the pre-Mughal painting which was flourishing in Malwa and of the southern tradition of the Vijayanagar murals as evident in the treatment of female types and costumes.
• Influence of the Persian painting is also observed in the handling of the horizon gold sky and landscape.

Kalamkari Painting

• It is done on the kalamkari fabric.
• The paintings of mythological figures and events are done with vegetable colours.
• It is widespread in Machilipatnam area of Andhra Pradesh.

Ballistic Missiles

• A ballistic missile follows a ballistic trajectory to deliver warheads on a predetermined target.
• A ballistic trajectory is the path of an object that is launched but has no active propulsion during its actual flight (these weapons are guided only during relatively brief periods of flight).
• The trajectory is fully determined by a given initial velocity, effects of gravity, air resistance, and motion of the earth (Coriolis force).
• Shorter range ballistic missiles stay within the Earth’s atmosphere.
• Longer-ranged intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) are launched on a sub-orbital flight trajectory and spend most of their flight out of the atmosphere.
• Long-range missiles leave the earth’s atmosphere and re-enter it.
• Low precision as it is unguided for most of its path and its trajectory depend on gravity.
• Heavy payload carrying capacity.
• Also known as Multiple Independently targetable Re-entry vehicle.
• Developed primarily to carry nuclear warheads.
• Agni V is India’s first intercontinental ballistic missile.
• Example: Prithvi I, Prithvi II, Agni series and Dhanush missiles.

Cruise Missile

• A cruise missile is a guided missile (target has to be pre-set) used against terrestrial targets.
• It flies the major portion to its flight path at approximately constant speed.
• It remains in the atmosphere throughout its flight.
• They are designed to deliver a large warhead over long distances with high precision.
• Modern cruise missiles are capable of travelling at supersonic or high subsonic speeds, are self-navigating, and are capable to fly on a non-ballistic, extremely low altitude trajectory.
• Self-propelled till the end of its flight.
• Similar to a jet engine.
• The flight path is within the earth’s atmosphere.
• Hits targets with high precision as it is constantly propelled.
• Payload capacity is limited.
• Usually carries a single payload.
• Developed primarily to carry conventional warheads.
• Example: BrahMos missiles.

Cyber Attack and its Steps

• Cyber attack is an attempt by hackers to damage or destroy a computer network or system.
• The 7 steps of cyber attack include:

Rule of law

• Rule of law means is that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be above the law.
• Any crime or violation of law has a specific punishment as well as a process through which the guilt of the person has to be established.
• It also says that no person shall be subject to harsh, uncivilized or discriminatory treatment even for the sake of maintaining law and order.
• Foreign sovereigns, ambassadors and diplomats enjoy immunity from civil and criminal proceedings.
• UNO and its agencies enjoy diplomatic immunity.
• It puts legal barriers to governmental arbitrariness
• It gives freedom to the judiciary to control the executive who exceeds their jurisdiction

Exceptions to Rule of law

• Article 105: No member of Parliament shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in parliament or any committee thereof
• Article 194: No member of the legislature of a state shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in the legislature or any committee thereof
• Article 361(1): The President or the Governor is not answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of his office.
• Article 361(2): No criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against the President or the Governor in any court during his term of office.
• Article 361(3): No process for the arrest or imprisonment of the President or the Governor of a State, Shall issue from any court during his term of office.
• Article 361(4): No civil proceedings against the President or the Governor shall be instituted during his term of office in any court in respect of any act done by him in his personal capacity, whether before or after he entered upon his office, until the expiration of two months next after notice has been delivered to him.
• Article 31-C: Laws made by the state for implementing Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) contained in clause (b) or (c) of Article 39 cannot be challenged on the ground that they are in violation of Article 14.
• Supreme Court held that “where Article 31-C comes in, Article 14 goes out”.