The central government promulgated an Ordinance in the National Capital Territory (NCT) case.

Ordinance

• Article 123 of the Constitution defines the Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament.
• President can promulgate an ordinance only when both the Houses of Parliament are not in session or when either of the two Houses of Parliament is not in session.
• An ordinance made when both the Houses are in session is void.
• The power of the President to legislate by ordinance is not a parallel power of legislation and it is subjected to judicial review.
• An ordinance can be issued only on those subjects on which the Parliament can make laws.
• An Ordinance shall have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament but the government is required to bring an Ordinance before Parliament for ratification.
• Failure to do so will lead to its lapsing at the expiration of 6 weeks from the reassembly of Parliament.

Repromulgation of Ordinance

• The Ordinance may lapse earlier if the President withdraws it or if both Houses pass resolutions disapproving it.
• If an Ordinance lapses, the only option for the government is to reissue or repromulgate it.

CJI Chandrachud condemns forum shopping.

Forum Shopping of Lawyers

• It is a practice where litigants file their legal case in a court which they believe is probable of providing a favorable verdict.
• It will happen when litigants or lawyers attempt to deliberately move their case to a particular judge or Court where they think the judgment could be more favorable.
• For example, one could directly approach the Supreme Court via a public interest litigation case instead of the concerned High Court.
• Forum Non Conveniens – It refers to a court's discretionary power to decline to exercise its jurisdiction where another court, or forum, may more conveniently hear a case.
• Using this power, the court can dismiss a case in the interests of justice and the parties while allocating it to the appropriate bench.

A recent study shows that after caesarean deliveries, hysterectomies are the 2nd -most frequent procedure in women of the reproductive age group.

Hysterectomy

• It is a surgical procedure to remove the womb (uterus).
• Oophorectomy is the removal of ovaries (the primary source of estrogen).
• Women can no longer be able to get pregnant after the operation.
• If women have not already gone through the menopause, they’ll no longer have periods, regardless of the age.
• It may also involve removal of the cervix, ovaries, Fallopian tubes, and other surrounding structures.
• Hysterectomies are carried out to treat health problems that affect the female reproductive system.
• These include:
  • Heavy periods
  • Long-term pelvic pain
  • Non-cancerous tumours (fibroids)
  • Ovarian cancer, womb cancer, cervical cancer or cancer of the fallopian tubes.

Types of hysterectomy

• Total hysterectomy – The womb and cervix (neck of the womb) are removed.
• Subtotal hysterectomy – The main body of the womb is removed, leaving the cervix in place.
• Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy – the womb, cervix, fallopian tubes (salpingectomy) and ovaries (oophorectomy) are removed.
• Radical hysterectomy – The womb and surrounding tissues are removed, including the fallopian tubes, part of the vagina, ovaries, lymph glands and fatty tissue.
• Partial hysterectomies allow for hormone regulation while total hysterectomies do not.

Leatherback Turtles

• Leatherback turtles are named for their shell, which is leather-like rather than hard, like other turtles.
• Habitat - They are the largest sea turtle species and also one of the most migratory, crossing both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
• Pacific leatherbacks migrate from nesting beaches in the Coral Triangle all the way to the California coast to feed on the abundant jellyfish.
• Status - IUCN is listed as Vulnerable, but many subpopulations (such as in the Pacific and Southwest Atlantic) are Critically Endangered.
• It is also listed in Cites Appendix I.
• The Pacific leatherback turtle populations are most at-risk of extinction.
• Conservation Efforts - Pacific leatherbacks are one of 9 ESA-listed species identified in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Species in the Spotlight initiative.

• CNG and CBG are both methane based gases and has the same calorific value.
• This makes CBG a commercially viable option as it can be directly used to replace CNG in transportation fuel.
• Just like CNG, CBG too can be transported through cylinders or pipelines to retail outlets.
• The biogas is turned into a gas that is primarily methane (more than 90%) through purification, which involves removing carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and moisture.
• This gas is further compressed to high pressure (250 bar) to produce CBG.
• CBG can be seamlessly utilised in CNG-powered vehicles without requiring any modifications.