Rowlatt Act

• The Rowlatt Act was passed by the government under the period of Lord Chelmsford in February 1919, but  never actually implemented.
• This act was enacted on the recommendations of the Sedition committee under Sir Sydney Rowlatt.
• The act authorised the government to imprison any suspect without trial and conviction in the court of law.
• It enables the government to suppress the habeas corpus.
• They wanted to replace the provision of repression during wartime Defence of India Act 1915 with a permanent law.
• Dr Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew protested against this act in Punjab and got arrested and in response to this arrest mass gathered in Jalliawallah Bagh and Jalliawalah bagh massacre happened in April 1919.

Non-Cooperation Movement

• The Non-Cooperation Movement was the "first mass movement" organized under Gandhiji's leadership.
• The Non-cooperation movement by Gandhiji was followed from September 1920 to February 1922.
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar in 1919 was one of the major reasons for the start of the Non-cooperation movement.
• Women took to streets picketing liquor shops, and holding dharnas), Urmila Debi, and Suniti Debi, were well-known women organisers during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Proposal for the "Non-Cooperation Movement" was passed in the Calcutta session of Congress on 4 September 1920.
• The movement was called off after the Chauri Chaura incident.
• Lord Edwin Montagu (1917-22) was the Secretary of state for India during the launch of the non-cooperation movement.

Khilafat Movement (1919 -1923)

• The Ali Brothers–Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali–launched an anti-British movement in 1919.
• It was supported by Mahatma Gandhi and INC, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad also led the movement.
• The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire began in the 19th century and was completed after Turkey’s defeat in the First World War.
• The treatment meted out to turkey by the Allies had led to a mass upsurge in India directed against Britain.
• This upsurge is known as the Khilafat Movement.
• The Turkish Sultan had carried the title of Caliph (Khalifa) the new government abolished the institution of Caliph (Khalifa) in 1924 AD.
• Restoration of the Khalifa was one of the prime demand of this movement.

Champaran Satyagraha

• In 1917 Gandhiji was requested to look into the problems of the farmers in the context of indigo planters of Champaran in Bihar.
• The European planters had been forcing the peasants to grow indigo on 3/20 part of the total land (called the tinkathia system).
• Raj Kumar Shukla was a famous Indigo cultivator of Champaran and he was a money lender as well.

Kedha Satyagraha

• The farmers of Kheda district in Gujarat were in distress because of the failure of crops.
• The government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection.
• As part of the experiment, Mahatma Gandhi advised the peasants to withhold payment of revenue till their demand for its remission was met.
• The struggle was withdrawn when it was learnt that the government had issued instructions that revenue should be recovered only from those peasants who could afford to pay.
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became the follower of Gandhiji during the Kheda movement.